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Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of normal cells in the body. Cancer develops when the body’s normal mechanism is altered. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control, forming new abnormal cells. These extra abnormal cells may form a mass of tissue, called a tumor. Some cancers, such as leukaemia, do not form tumours as their origin is blood.

Cancer may occur anywhere in the body. In women, breast cancer is one of the most common, whereas in men it’s prostate cancer. Lung cancer and colorectal cancer affect both men and women in high figures.

 

There are five main categories of cancer:

  • Carcinomas begin in the skin or tissues that cover the internal organs
  • Sarcomas mainly develop in the bone, cartilage as well in the fat, muscle and other connective tissues
  • Leukemia begins in the bone marrow and affects the blood
  • Lymphomas affect the immune system
  • Central nervous system cancers develop in the brain and spinal cord
     

Causes:

In addition to smoking, risk factors for cancer include:

  • Heavy alcohol consumption
  • Excess body weight
  • Physical inactivity

Professional team of Nurses Who Care for Cancer Patients are:

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

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Nursing, as an integral part of the health care system, encompasses the promotion of healthprevention of illness, and care of physicallymentally ill and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and community settings. The main function of nurses is caring for individuals, sick or well, is to assess their responses to their health status and to assist them in the performance of those activities 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

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Cancer treatment targets the cancer cells with the use of surgeryradiationchemotherapy and other therapies to shrink or to stop the progression of a cancer.

There are many types of cancer treatment

Surgery:

When used to treat cancersurgery is a procedure in which a surgeon tries to remove your cancer cells from the body. Learn the different ways that surgery is used against cancer and what changes you can expect before, during, and after surgery.

Radiation Therapy:

Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill the cancer cells and shrink tumours. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects happen when radiation is not handled appropriately.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Learn how chemotherapy works against cancer and why it causes un-tolerated side effects, and how it is used alongside with other cancer treatments.

Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer:

Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that triggers your immune system to fight cancer. The immune system is activates and triggers the immune cells thus attacking the tumour cells. Targeted TherapyHormone TherapyStem Cell TransplantPrecision Medicine and many more...

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

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The responsibilities of a haematology nurse are very similar to that of an oncology nurse. Haematology nurses care for patients who have various types of blood related cancers/disorders such as leukaemia, lymphoma, sick-cell anaemia, Hodgkin’s disease and haemophilia. They often work in special nursing units or they are employed in private organisations or by doctors who deal majorly with blood-related disorders. Hospitals, blood clinics and cancer wards also employ these specialist nurses.

haematology nurse specialises in treating patients who suffer from any type of blood related disease. These nurses are responsible for direct as well as indirect patient care. Direct care involves administering injections, collecting blood samples, ordering tests and operating specialist machinery. Indirect care involves participation in administration work such as record keeping and collecting information.

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 

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The majority of people with cancer will experience pain at some or the other time in their life. The pain may be a consequence of the cancer itself, or sometimes even from the cancer's treatment. In addition, some people who have been cured of their cancer can continue to suffer from pain. Cancer pain, or the discomfort stems from cancer and its treatment, can be controlled most of the time. There are many different medicines and strategies available to control cancer pain. People who have cancer and are feeling pain need to seek consultation from their doctor.

 

Causes of Cancer Pain:

There are numerous causes of cancer pain, but often cancer pain occurs when a tumor presses on nerves or body organs or when cancer cells invade bones or body organs. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapyradiation, or surgery also may cause pain.

Symptoms of Cancer Pain:

The symptoms of cancer pain vary from person to person. The amount of pain may depend on the type of cancer, the stage or extent of the disease, and the person's pain threshold (tolerance for pain). Pain can range from mild to severe and constant.

 

Medicines Are Used To Treat Cancer Pain:

Mild to Moderate Pain

Pain relievers: Acetaminophen (Anacin, Mapap, Panadol, and Tylenol) and a group of pain relievers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can treat mild to moderate pain.

 

Moderate to Severe Pain

Narcotic pain relievers: These drugs include morphine (Kadian, MS Contin), hydrocodone (Hysingla, Lortab, Norco, Vicodin, Zohydro ER), hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Exalgo), fentanyl (Duragesic), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentantyl, rifentanyl and tramadol.

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  

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The pediatric oncology nurse a highly specialized and sensitive role—delivers care to those pediatric patients who are receiving cancer treatment. Specific responsibilities include preparing patients for chemotherapy, administering palliative treatment, and collaborating with other members of the health care team. It’s very painful to hear when we know that the cancer attacked children.


 

Chemotherapy is the primary treatment used to cure many pediatric cancers. Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells. The goal of chemotherapy includes reducing the primary tumor size, destroying cancer cells, and preventing metastasis or microscopic spread of disease. Chemotherapy targets cancer in several different ways to achieve cancer cell destruction. Chemotherapy drugs are administered in addition to another form of therapy such as radiation or surgery, which is called multitargeted therapy.


 

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapy drugs administered before a scheduled surgery to reduce the size of a tumor and increase the chance of a successful surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy is used on patients who have no evidence of disease post surgery or radiation but are thought to be at a high risk for relapse...

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  

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Cancer is becoming a major cause of death worldwide. With the increase in life expectancy, the number of cancer cases has reached to peak levels. In this scenario, the pharmaceutical industry has made significant investments in this therapeutic area. Despite these efforts, cancer drug research remains a remarkably challenging field, and therapeutic innovations have not yet achieved anticipated clinical results. However, the patholophysiology of the disease is now better understood, and the discovery of novel molecular targets has raised the expectations of developing improved treatmentsSeveral noteworthy advances have been made, among which the development of targeted therapies is the most improvement. Monoclonal antibodies and antibody-small molecule conjugates have emerged as an effective approach to improve drug selectivity and reduce adverse effects, which are the main challenges in cancer drug discovery.

 

The most widely used treatments for cancer are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is the best existing option for metastatic cancers, where the treatment has to be systemic. The most frequently used chemotherapy drugs have been identified empirically without any pre-existing knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of action of the drugs.

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  

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The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. It is the smallest structure of the body capable of performing all of the processes that define life. Each of the organs in the body, such as the lungbreast, colon, and brain, consists of specialized cells that carry out the organ's functions such as the transportation of oxygendigestion of nutrients, excretion of waste materials, locomotion, reproduction, thinking, etc.

 

Cancer is basically a disease of uncontrolled cell division. Its development and progression are usually linked to a series of changes in the activity of cell cycle regulators. For example, inhibitors of the cell cycle keep cells from dividing when conditions aren’t right, so too little activity of these inhibitors can promote cancer. Similarly, positive regulators of cell division can lead to cancer if they are too active. In most cases, these changes in activity are due to mutations in the genes that encode cell cycle regulator proteins.Cancer cells behave contrtary to normal cells in the body. Many of these differences are related to cell division behavior. For example, cancer cells can multiply in culture (IN VITRO) without any growth factors, or growth-stimulating protein signals, being added. This is different from normal cells, which need growth factors to grow in culture.

 

Cancer cells also ignore signals that cause them to stop dividing. For instance, when normal cells grown in a dish are crowded by neighbors on all sides, they will no longer divide. Cancer cells, in contrast, keep dividing and pile up on the top of each other in many layers.

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 

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Stem cell transplants, including peripheral blood, bone marrow, and cord blood transplants, are used to treat cancer. Stem cell transplants are most often used for cancers affecting the blood or immune system, such as leukemialymphoma, or multiple myeloma. Here we will give an idea why a person might need a stem cell transplant, what stem cells do, and what a transplant is like for most people. We’ll also discuss some of the issues that happen with transplants, and what it’s like to donate stem cells. Stem cells are immature blood cells found in the bone marrow and blood. Even though they start out the same, these stem cells can mature into all types of blood cells. People with certain types of cancer can sometimes be relieved by a stem cell transplant to treat or even cure the cancer.

 

Types of Stem Cell Transplants for Cancer Treatment:

In a typical stem cell transplant, very high doses of chemo are used, sometimes along with radiation therapy, to kill all the cancer cells. This treatment also kills the stem cells in the bone marrow. Soon after treatment, stem cells are given to replace those that were destroyed. These stem cells are given through a vein, like a blood transfusion. As the time progresses, they settle in the bone marrow, begin to grow and start making healthy blood cells. This process is called engraftment.

 

There are 2 main types of transplants:

They are named based on who gives the stem cells.

  • Autologous: The stem cells come from the same person who will get the transplant
  • Allogeneic: The stem cells come from a matched related or unrelated donor

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 

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Immunotherapy treatments used to treat cancer include monoclonal antibodies; man-made versions of immune system proteins, cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors that causes the body to recognize and attack cancer cellsConventional therapies for cancer are chemotherapy and radiotherapyChemotherapy is the most widely used treatment when cancer has spread. The drugs kill cancer cells or slow their growth. There are many types of chemotherapy drugs, which are often used in various combinations and strengths.

 

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Learn how chemotherapy works against cancer, why it causes side effects, and how it is used with other cancer treatments.

Radiation Therapy:

Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects happen, which ones you might have, and more.

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

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Gynecologic cancer is type of cancer that starts in a woman's reproductive organs. Five main types of cancer affect a woman's reproductive organs are cervicalovarian, uterine, vaginalvulvar and Breast cancer

 

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, except for skin cancers. It can occur at any age, but the risk increases as you get older. Because of certain factors, some women will have a greater chance of getting stuck with breast cancer than others. But every woman should know about the risks for breast cancer and what they can do to help lower their risk. 

Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer is a cancer of the endometrium (the inner lining of the uterus). The risk of endometrial cancer increases as a woman gets aged. Factors that affect hormone levels, like taking estrogen without progesterone and taking tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment or to lower breast cancer risk can increase a woman’s chance of getting this cancer. Having an early onset of menstrual periods, late menopause, a history of infertility or not having children can increase the risk of endometrial cancer. 

Cervical cancer

Chronic infection by certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major important risk factor for cervical cancer. You can get HPV through intimate skin-to-skin contact, such as having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who already has the virus. Other risk factors for cervical cancer include smoking, weakened immune system, having a Chlamydia infection, being overweight, being exposed to or taking certain hormone treatments, and not having regular Pap tests. 

Ovarian cancer

Although ovarian cancer can occur at any age, it is more likely to occur as women get older. Women who have never had children, or who had their first child after age 35 may be at increased risk for this cancer. Women who have used estrogen alone as hormone replacement therapy are also at increased risk. Women with a personal or family history of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome), ovarian cancer, or breast cancer are more likely to have a higher risk for ovarian cancer. But women who don’t have any of these conditions or risk factors can still have the chances of getting ovarian cancer.

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  

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Pain management can be simple or complex, depending on the root cause of the pain. An example of pain that is typically mild would be nerve root irritation from a herniated disc with pain radiating down the leg. This condition can often be alleviated with an epidural steroid injection and physical therapy. Sometimes, however, the pain does not subside. This requires a wide variety of skills and techniques to treat the pain.

These skills and techniques include:

Basic types of pain: 

Nociceptive pain

Examples of nociceptive pain are a cut or a broken bone. Tissue damage or injury initiates signals that are transferred through peripheral nerves to the brain via the spinal cord. Pain signals are modulated through various pathways. This is how we will become aware that something is hurting.

Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is pain caused by damage or disease that affects the nervous system. Sometimes there is no obvious source of pain, and this pain can occur spontaneously. Classic examples of this pain are shingles and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is the pain that can occur after nerves are damaged or even after a stroke.

 

Related AssociationsJames Cancer Hospital & Solove Research InstitutePeter McCollum Health CentreUniversity of Washington Medical Center/Seattle Cancer Care AllianceGeorgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer CenterEpworth Radiation OncologyHong Kong Adventist HospitalTownsville Cancer CentreTata Memorial CentreAmerican Oncology InstituteMahatma Gandhi Cancer Hospital & Research InstituteUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center  

Related ConferencesCancer Nursing SummitOncology and Cancer Care EventsPain Management MeetingsCancer SummitNursing EventsPrimary Health Care MeetingsNursing MeetingsCancer Nursing ConferencesCancer Care MeetingsNursing WorkshopsCancer Care eventsCancer Nursing EventsNursing Education ConferencesNursing ConferencesPain Management Summits 

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